Researchers of attachment have identified four major styles of attachment in adults (Bartholomew and Horowitz, 1991). J Pers Soc Psychol 61: 226-244. (2) Kim Bartholomew (1990; Bartholomew & Such findings suggest that attachment style assessments should be interpreted more prudently; furthermore, there is always the possibility for change and it even need not be related to negative events, either. For example, the extent to which an individual perceives himself/herself as worthy of love and care and information regarding the availability and reliability of others. At the same time that these developments Bartholomew and Shaver discuss the associations between self-report It is common for those with a fearful attachment style to have grown up in a household that is very chaotic and toxic. xw,Dj,#DZhi( 5%)0EZf^ TPJBiP"OqE >4O T^Fe\2r y$P73yA%6)1ojL3"Jb2e2M8t _0x")VA 'v Wz=$6d8UI4H3Lx#B3-9!y':dG|o~wxW]+*\Xt1, *VoM1"y|;x wa#,tf6U\ ;JS?xL\RMfCr%)hmp[b33 s%.xh4pss#o;+ For instance, recent research with college students . Understanding Psychological Organization of Attachment from Children's Perspectives Currently, BND research has focused on the extent attachment patterns are revealed through assessing adult drawings. It measures secure, preoccupied, fearful and dismissing attachment styles. Correlations categories do not seem to be "real" except as regions in a two-dimensional The RQ extends the original attachment Three-Category Meas ure (Hazan . Waters, E., Weinfield, N. S., & Hamilton, C. E. (2000). (For various reasons we prefer to call the two 4, pp. (1998). The measure can be used to create They also show moderate stranger anxiety; they show some distress when approached by a stranger. obtains with the RQ. hapter contains 2003 ). Attachment theory and close relationships (pp. On-line Attachment Questionnaire (CRQ/ECR-R) (Fraley, Waller, & Brennan, 2000) This web survey is a broad-based measure of attachment styles in close relationships. one of the most recently developed multi-item measure of self-reported Observation suggests that these persons are socially avoidant because they are fearful of their own vulnerability in intimacy. However, the way these two kinds of thoughts interacted to form attachment styles varied . 3.Bartholomew & Shaver (1998). laboratories. of self-report scales and a comprehensive overview of different scales. This self-report instrument is designed to assess adult Baldwin, M.W., & Fehr, B. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61, 226-244. Experiences in Close Relationships-Relationship Structures (ECR-RS). hVo8Wq!d`K-67oN8.#%;>PDT&01FT8lJI@(r X%J'9YZUF2k 1V 7HKm]M3]-K'/7 Preoccupied lovers characterize their most important romantic relationships by obsession, desire for reciprocation and union, emotional highs and lows, and extreme sexual attraction and jealousy. Bartholomew and Horowitz (1991) describe a four category model of adult attachment and have developed a brief self-report questionnaire to assess an individual's attachment style. endstream endobj 31 0 obj <>stream The Adult Attachment Scale (AAS: Hazan & Shaver, Citation 1987) and the Relationship Questionnaire (RQ; Bartholomew and Horowitz, Citation 1991) are frequently used examples of this type of assessment. That is a serious mistake! The Underlying Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 8, 451-466. ), Attachment theory and close relationships (p. 4676). For example, the highest-level model comprises beliefs and expectations across all types of relationships, and lower-level models hold general rules about specific relations, such as romantic or parental, underpinned by models specific to events within a relationship with a single person. on results deriving from multi-item dimensional measures because they and Brennan (2000). Their attachment system is prone to hyperactivation during times of stress, emotions can become amplified, and overdependence on others is increased (Mikulincer & Shaver, 2003). Ainsworth, M. D. S., Blehar, M. C., Waters, Hazan, C. & Shaver, P. R. (1990). You can learn more about the ECR-RS here. All these strategies may cause their partner to consider ending the relationship. (Hazan & Shaver, 1987), we receive an increasing number of requests ), Growing Journal of Personality and Social Psycology, The RC consisted of four sets of statements, each describing a category or style of attachment: Secure - It is relatively easy for me to become emotionally close to others. A new 4-group model of attachment styles in adulthood is proposed. In the eyes of a child with a fearful avoidant attachment, their caregivers are untrustworthy. into continuous scales. Baldwin and Fehr (1995) found that 30% of adults changed their attachment style ratings within a short period (ranging from one week to several months), with those who originally self-identified as anxious-ambivalent being the most prone to change. Attachment styles among young adults: A test of a four-category model. Mary Main and her colleagues developed the Adult Attachment Interview that asked for descriptions of early attachment-related events and for the adults sense of how these relationships and events had affected adult personalities (George, Kaplan, & Main, 1984). Description of Measure: This is a 4-item questionnaire designed to measure adult attachment style. (1991) Attachment styles among young adults: A test of a four-category model. Shaver, P. R., & Hazan, C. (1993). Attachment styles among young adults: A test of a four-category model. of early research that failed to find an association between the two Security in infancy, childhood, and adulthood: A move to the level of Experiences in Close Relationships (ECR). Notably, many secure adults may, in fact, experience negative attachment-related events, yet they can objectively assess people and events and assign a positive value to relationships in general. 209), 66-104. New York: Main, M., & Solomon, J. As such, the fearful-avoidant may expect that their romantic relationships as adults should also be chaotic. feelings and behaviors in the context of romantic or other close relationships; This idea is based on the internal working model, where an infants primary attachment forms a model (template) for future relationships. Child Development, 71 (3), 684-689. A fourth attachment style, known as disorganized, was later identified (Main & Solomon, 1990). publication of "Romantic Love Conceptualized as an Attachment Process" Bartholomew and Horowitz used this model to create the Relationship Questionnaire (RC). A., & Treboux, D. (1995). You can download the paper by clicking the button above. Instead, it is active throughout the lifespan, with individuals gaining comfort from physical and mental representations of significant others (Bowlby, 1969). It has become impossible K. Bartholomew, L. Horowitz Published 1 August 1991 Psychology Journal of personality and social psychology A new 4-group model of attachment styles in adulthood is proposed. Hazan, C., & Shaver, P. R. (1987). The RSQ contains 30 short statements drawn from Hazan and Shaver's (1987) attachment measure Bartholomew and Horowitz's (1991) Relationship Questionnaire and Collins and Read's (1990) Adult Attachment Scale. techniques. endstream endobj 32 0 obj <>stream A. Simpson and W. S. Rholes and published Guilford Press. Adult attachment styles describe peoples comfort and confidence in close relationships, their fear of rejection and their yearning for intimacy, and their preference for self-sufficiency or interpersonal distance. measures instead of the continuous scales. Bartholomew & Shaver (1998), The continuity hypothesis is accused of being reductionist because it assumes that people who are insecurely attached as infants would have poor-quality adult relationships. It is also designed to be a relatively short measure for investigators who wish to target specific relationships and can be used as a state-like measure when needed. The infants temperament may explain their issues (good or bad) with relationships in later life. HlTn0+ k-iSiKC8_!iF0RfQ,LKj^z>(I-dN-Hq)C yN}4DoHdJVmS{\V>cq^ft"U,(JrI 8_/n{fqWz_J2[K EPYBn0?w86\GFi3Xzm\~ByJZ>fF;*Bc`ETPa5\Lu6 _M My desire to merge completely sometimes scares people away. motives from .76 (autonomy) to .91 (feedback-seeking), indicating good internal consistency of the scales. Additionally, they are preoccupied with dependency on their own parents and still actively struggle to please them. Attachment styles refer to the particular way in which an individual relates to other people. it forms the basis for future relationships. This is known as the continuity hypothesis. However, other researchers have proposed that rather than a single internal working model, which is generalized across relationships, each type of relationship comprises a different working model. The RC consisted of four sets of statements, each describing a category or style of attachment: Secure - It is relatively easy for me to become emotionally close to others. study of the Strange Situation. Brennan and Shaver (1995) found that inclining toward a secure attachment type was positively correlated with ones relationship satisfaction, whereas being either more avoidant or anxious was negatively associated with ones relationship satisfaction. The AAQ is a self-report questionnaire consisting of 3 scales of 3 statements each, with Likert-type responses from strongly disagree to strongly agree. John Bowlby (1969) believed that attachment was an all-or-nothing process. This type of attachment occurs because the mother ignores the emotional needs of the infant. Write by: . Such individuals typically display openness regarding expressing emotions and thoughts with others and are comfortable with depending on others for help while also being comfortable with others depending on them (Cassidy, 1994). From an evolutionary perspective, the attachment classification (A, B, or C) of an infant is an adaptive response to the characteristics of the caregiving environment. measures were included in a single analysis. reported a large-sample factor-analytic study in which all known self-report Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 50 (1-2), 66-104. to return to John Bowlby and Mary Ainsworth's writings for more specific Predicting prosocial personality from attachment facets: are some facets more critical than others? problem solving: A control theory analysis. They are extremely distressed when separated from their mother. but I sometimes worry that others dont value me as much as I value them. Attachment refers to affective-emotional bonds developed early between child and caretaker, and to its consequences throughout life. (1991) `Attachment Styles among Young Adults: A Test of a Four-Category Model', Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 61: 226-244. A. Simpson (1991). $NPe? Not surprisingly, having a Secure partner increases ones relationship satisfaction. measures of adult attachment still further. 1. and reports of findings--or, if preferred, one of the other two-dimensional HlMs0{b$6J3 (5Vbw,%~/Cg2VjWv]$IJ^u.B-O?lR*4nTX|3|I>B K[L8J`K.# vy\YC (2012). Cognitive representations of adult attachment: The structure and function of working models. Styles C and D correspond to the preoccupied and dismissing-avoidant A study conducted on young adults revealed that participants possessed distinct attachment patterns for different relationship types (parent-participant, friendship, and romantic relationship) and did not experience one general attachment orientation, except for some overlap in anxiety experienced in both friendship and romantic relationships (Caron et al., 2012). Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link. Avoidance of intimacy: %%EOF "", In: Barone L. (edited), Iac Conference 2013, Medimond, Bologna, ISBN 978-88-7587-695-1, codice ISI WOS:000335751400016, pp. 1987 paper, Cindy Hazan and Phil Shaver were trying to assess in adults measures of adult romantic attachment. the two measurement techniques. This type of attachment occurs because the mother meets the emotional needs of the infant. February 27, 2023 alexandra bonefas scott No Comments . They can support their partners despite the partners faults. 87-91, The aim of this study was to determine which attachment models prevail in married couples who choose to adopt a child. to get as close as I would like. The RQ is not widely used in contemporary research because many measurement efforts since the early 1990's have focused on using multi-item inventories to assess basic attachment constructs. clearly. Self-report measurement of adult attachment: An integrative overview. However, it remains unknown whether anxious or avoidant attachment is linked to more general differences in emotional processing for negative and positive stimuli, and whether such differences depend on stimulus content. ), Affective development in infancy . Main, Kaplan, and Cassidy (1985) analyzed adults responses to the Adult Attachment Interview and observed three major patterns in the way adults recounted and interpreted childhood attachment experiences and relationships in general. The aim of this . A thorough review of the empirical literature on this topic can be found in Noftle and Shaver (2006). Personal Relationships, 2, 247-261. Bartholomew, K. and Horowitz, L.M. Preoccupied lovers often believe that it is easy for them to fall in love, yet they also claim that unfading love is difficult to find. Attachment Styles & Their Role in Adult Relationships. S. Rholes (Eds. have demonstrated the greatest precision and validity (Brennan et al., Main, M., Kaplan, N., & Cassidy, J. : +4 0771 541 977; E-mail address: ina_for@yahoo.com 2015 The Authors. four type or style categories from the two dimensions, and the categories It can also be reworded in the third person and used to rate others', Griffin D. & Bartholomew K. (1994). Our five-factor solution of the attachment styles and their relation to the TCI point towards a need for a modification of the two-axis, four-category attachment model of Bartholomew (1990) and Bartholomew and Horowitz (1991), with their category dismissing-avoidant replaced by the two categories defined here as dismissing relations (correlated Styles designed to measure romantic or peer attachment styles, see the review Autonomy and independence can make them feel anxious. space; see Fraley & Waller (1998). Dismissive-avoidant adults deny experiencing distress associated with relationships and downplay the importance of attachment in general, viewing other people as untrustworthy. Fraley, R. C. & Waller, N. G. (1998). The Father and Mother Attachment Questionnaire (FMAQ) is a 30-item self-report measure developed for assessing adolescents' and young adults' representations of attachment relationships with each parental figure separately, across three dimensions: quality of emotional bond, separation anxiety, and inhibition of exploration and individuality. Fraley and Waller also review several serious problems that may arise The RSQ contains 30 short statements drawn from Hazan and Shaver's (1987) attachment measure Bartholomew and Horowitz's (1991) Relationship Questionnaire and Collins and Read's (1990) Adult Attachment Scale. Subscribe now and start your journey towards a happier, healthier you. The Relationship Questionnaire (RQ) Bartholomew and Horowitz (1991) These questions are similar to the previous ones, but they have been changed in various ways. The aim of the questionnaire was to identify the particular market segment to be targeted in any promotional campaign. Secure lovers believe that although romantic feelings may wax and wane, romantic love will never fade. and improvements waiting to be made. and Shaver wrote three type-descriptions based on imagining what adults One important advance in the development of attachment questionnaires was the addition of a fourth style of attachment. If you are a novice in this research area, 3. These findings highlight the complexity of these interrelations and have important implications for prevention and intervention efforts. In addition, attachment is measured by dimensions, that is, anxiety and avoidance using continuous scores [7]. from infancy to adolescence and early adulthood: General discussion. This idea is based on the internal working model, where an infants primary attachment forms a model (template) for future relationships. attachment measures, some based on attempts to capture the two dimensions they should not be reproduced without permission. romantic attachment: Theory and evidence. hb```f``b`@ (^_Lb`}(.ge " interview and self-report methods. (see Figure 1). The procedure involves a series of eight episodes lasting approximately 3 minutes each, whereby a mother, child, and stranger are introduced, separated, and reunited. SeVy}r6-Y"? hbbd``b`$ H0oWA] QqD ljn@i#0xpd#iM + of adult attachment. Four prototypic attachment patterns are defined using combinations of a person's self-image (positive or negative) and image of others (positive or negative). Attachment Styles Among Young Adults: A Test of a Four-Category Model. that, as researchers, we should all continue to improve our measurement between the Adult Attachment Interview, Bartholomew's peer/romantic Journal of Personality measure adds the dismissing-avoidant Our results show that avoidant attachment was associated with a selective reduction of pleasantness ratings for positive social images; whereas anxious attachment was associated with higher arousal and lower control ratings for negative social images, besides higher arousal ratings for all remaining stimulus categories. However, an Avoidant partner was the only type of partner that seemed to contribute negatively towards ones relationship satisfaction, while an Anxious partner had no significant impact in this aspect. A study found that those with a fearful avoidant attachment style are likely to have more sexual partners and higher sexual compliance than other attachment styles (Favez & Tissot, 2019). {6B>'{zuE!yE[O|J3QC7a{ C&KO#L$YR*'uYP5u,iD>:. Background. At present, therefore, we recommend that researchers use the In the following section, we share with you 10 top-rated, validated, and widely used self-report attachment style tests. Kobak, R., Cole, H., Ferenz-Gillies, R., & prior to them completing the questionnaire booklet which consisted of a number of self-report questionnaires. Such empirical evidence serves as a reminder that attachment style may be context-specific and that one should not regard results from any assessments as the sole indicator of ones attachment style. Bartholomew K, Horowitz LM (1991) Attachment styles among young adults: a test of a four-category model. (2000). Anxious attachment is a type of attachment observed in the strange situation and is also known as insecure resistant or anxious ambivalent. ), Advances in personal relationships (Vol. of the two kinds of measures with other variables are likely to differ, Styles C and D correspond to the preoccupied and dismissing-avoidant Crowell, J. they are best conceptualized in terms of cognitive models of self and UQ^N`4~hE\+keOPl'3. Main, M., Kaplan, N., & Cassidy, J. BSc (Hons), Psychology, MSc, Psychology of Education. romantic attachment styles. Journal of Research in Personality, 40, 179-208. points of attachment theory and research. A has been taken by Fraley, Waller, and Brennan (2000). These are, in turn, related to overall relationship satisfaction. If they are in a relationship with someone secure and calm, they may be suspicious of why this is. edited by J. Fraley and Waller chapter reviews basic arguments, pro and con, for Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 92, 678-697. In J. Description of Measure: This is a 4-item questionnaire designed to measure adult attachment style. 40-item self-report scale that measures the attachment style based on four-dimensions model by Bartholomew and Horowitz, attachment dimensions: secure, fearful, preoccupied and dismissing, on each dimension separately, respondents give answers on a 5-point . Depending on Others) and Anxiety (or Fear of Rejection and Abandonment). (dismissing-avoidance, based on a similar category in the Adult Attachment 0 They conducted a study to collect information on participants early attachment styles and attitudes toward loving relationships. reply and a standard set of reprints and preprints. The RQ-CV consisted of four sets of statements, each describing a category or style of attachment: . George, C., Kaplan, N., & Main, M. (1984). It is important to remember that this is not the case for all fearful avoidants. and Shaver, Belsky, & Brennan (2000). On the other hand, insecurely attached people found adult relationships more difficult, tended to divorce, and believed love was rare. In I. Bretherton & E. Waters (Eds. They display a readiness to recall and discuss attachments that suggest much reflection regarding previous relationships. HlS]o0}WkcoMSDNF|K! Yp|$giJi@I u][6z,%(QOIP+r(&b-D.z&K 4kX74ap9yMXpgi4c `:m7*{^ _d)2 K?[gF33P:CC9zRqJcC&)K(Ry Z> 8r:y@d;"R`1~n0/fBO/HpE:YzR(s_dtxda7]m.)"!s@'E-=k9n|ww:E!^( 5T*C'1PMv?Vmh$%La4v N{{X A. Simpson & W. S. Rholes (Eds. If the child and caregiver were to be separated for any amount of time, on the reunion, the child would act conflicted. A married couple with a secure attachment, generally, decide within a short time to adopt, while a couple with a worried attachment decide to adopt in order to obtain the stereotype of a traditional family, that is with children; a couple with a distancing attachment adopt but only if persuaded by others, after a long time and only as a last resort. The Relationship Scales Questionnaire (Griffin and Bartholomew, 1994) assesses individuals' attachment styles. Crowell, J. that stand out in the analyses referred to above, others based on attempts important developments occurred: (1) Several authors broke the type-descriptions Eight items . I am uncomfortable being without close relationships, http://www.sfu.ca/psyc/faculty/bartholomew/rsq.htm, Gender- Based Rejection Sensitivity Questionnaire (Gender RSQ), Relationship Incentive and Threat Sensitivity Scales (RITSS), relationship structures questionnaire (ECR-RS), Experiences in Close Relationship Scale-Short Form ECR-12, RELATIONSHIP-SPECIFIC LOVE ATTITUDES SCALE. In addition, our results support the notion that anxious attachment is not only associated with hyperactivating tendency during the appraisal of social threat, but may also involve an ambivalence influencing the judgments of both positive and negative information. We encourage researchers interested Bartholomew, K., & Horowitz, L. M. (1991). I am comfortable depending on others and having others depend on me. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61, 226-244. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.61.2.226 has been cited by the following article: TITLE: Attachment styles and PTSD in adolescents in three Nordic Countries 2000 this questionnaire is an adaptation for children of the hebrew version mikulincer et al 1990 of hazan and shaver s 1987 questionnaire for the classification of attachment styles in adults, attachment style questionnaire asq feeney noller amp hanrahan 1994 this 40 item questionnaire asks participants to rate London, England: Kingsley. Children with a secure attachment use their mother as a safe base to explore their environment. 25-45). To test this, she designed the Strange Situation to observe attachment security in children within the context of caregiver relationships. Fraley & Waller (1998). Researchers have proposed that working models are interconnected within a complex hierarchical structure (Collins & Read, 1994). Although we believe that substantial progress Bartholomew devised both interview and self-report measures Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science, 44 (4), 245-256. Therefore, rather than a single internal model, which is generalized across relationships, each type of relationship may comprise a different working model, meaning that a person could be securely attached to their parents but insecurely attached to romantic relationships. Discovery of an insecure-disorganized/disoriented attachment pattern. Secure Attachment - Cenderung memiliki pandangan positif terhadap diri sendiri dan figur lekatnya. Security in infancy, childhood and adulthood: A move to the level of representation. Harlow, H. (1958). Brennan et al. New York: Guilford Press. Fraley and Niels Waller (1998) have shown that there is no evidence 5: Attachment processes in adulthood (pp. of the concept of adult attachment used by members of Fraley and Shaver's O Scribd o maior site social de leitura e publicao do mundo. information on scoring. We to respond to all of the requests individually, and rather than allow hb```f``e`a`8 @ theory (IRT) analysis of most of the existing self-report measures of of romantic relationships, might be like. %%EOF This supports the idea that childhood experiences have a significant impact on peoples attitudes toward later relationships. Olivia Guy-Evans is a writer and associate editor for Simply Psychology. Psychological Bulletin, 142(4), 367-399. https://doi . Attachment styles among young adults: a test of a four-category model A new 4-group model of attachment styles in adulthood is proposed. In other words, there will be continuity between early attachment experiences and later relationships. There is evidence that attachment styles may be transmitted between generations. Brennan et al. Bartholomew and Horowitz presented a model that identified four categories or styles of adult attachment. into agree-disagree items, factor-analyzed the items, and turned them This means they struggle with intimacy and value autonomy and self-reliance (Cassidy, 1994). (1991), Styles A, B, and C correspond respectively to Hazan and Shaver's Self-Regulation Questionnaire Ryan & Connell1989 Sensation Seeking ScaleHaynes2000 Sense of Virtual Community ; Servant Leadership Assessment Scale Dennis2004 Servant Leadership Questionnaire (Laub1999) Many people still ask for the original attachment. Through the statistical analysis, secure lovers were found to have had warmer relationships with their parents during childhood. Table 1 . attention in coming years. category and places the four categories into a two-dimensional model. and having them depend on me. The SAAM was developed by Gillath, Hart, Noftle, and Stockdale (2009) and is designed to assess state-like variation in working models of attachment. with the exception of Bartholomew's peer/romantic interview, were not The valid samples consisted of 647 students sampled from the 5th and 6th grade of 6 elementary schools in Kaohsiung city. Due in part to the empirical overlap between individual differences in attachment and the Big Five personality traits, it is not uncommon for researchers to assess the Big Five and hold those individual differences constant when examining the association between attachment and various outcomes of interest. Participants are asked to rate their degree of correspondence to each prototype on a 7-point scale. emotionally intimate with others, but I often find that others are reluctant Because of growing interest in self-report Children with a fearful avoidant attachment are at risk of carrying these behaviors into adulthood if they do not receive support to overcome this. A fearful avoidant prefers casual relationships and may stay in the dating stage of the relationship for a prolonged period as this feels more comfortable for them. (One asks about a person's Journal of Personality and Social Psychology Vol. attachment within Bartholomew's (1990) four-category framework. kinds of measures and discuss areas of overlap and difference between interested in learning more about the history of self-report measures An attachment perspective. (1969). the ones developed by Brennan and her colleagues, are the best available Anxious (referred to as preoccupied in adults), avoidant (referred to as dismissive in adults), disorganized (referred to as fearful-avoidant in adults), and secure. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. Simply Scholar Ltd. 20-22 Wenlock Road, London N1 7GU, 2023 Simply Scholar, Ltd. All rights reserved, 2023 Simply Psychology - Study Guides for Psychology Students, BPS Article- Overrated: The predictive power of attachment. In a 20-year longitudinal study, Waters et al. In J. Attachment dimensions and the big five personality traits: Associations and comparative ability to predict relationship quality. of Rejection and Abandonment). Sensitive mothers are more likely to have securely attached children. ____ D. I am comfortable Bartholomew and Horowitz (1991) have conceptualized four adult attachment styles as composed of one's view of self and view of others, which may be . I am comfortable depending on others and having others depend on me. We are committed to engaging with you and taking action based on your suggestions, complaints, and other feedback. the patterns in dimensional terms, because Chris of attachment, the controversies surrounding the use of types vs. dimensions, Experiences in Close Relationships Revised (ECR-R). Lawrence Erlbaum. O.4K.\&'^x_GnK[cq2HA8mf?qZL@JKX. Attachment and emotional regulation during mother-teen Figure 1. Metaphysics of measurement: The case of, http://www.sfu.ca/psyc/faculty/bartholomew/selfreports.htm, relationship structures questionnaire (ECR-RS), Relationship-to-Work Permeability Scale (RtWPS).