08\TY-GZOs+GsZ*Mt?_S#TRTe*;ZWj!R=h5'ZU?4pC<7K/ITVkFj)!o_ce)4)/0tj .N%Y:(l0^[B2Zq-+gdVCJq3*?(ci-=6O+rIkWhRq;,rJe6ZNg`a[rfV%. q?G6P;Vdj:oiQG\WsK$B]7Tkm:#IJYH0$]bQ= AQq9DPF>p3B@g$r1g*oqZgAL\MD=;%[]Y!q.>$><>HL[A;tM$YZs1T%XDAG@Spp0W /A 13 0 R 32 0 obj /URI (http://www.cambridge.org) Lsp)@oV':@Lj"?jf_npg]CTVCWMsCat]OQ-^Lf]h!1@AoT%q8BF9 YL=nW[.K5_(JJ2A\=)tj!2@HobkKSF#B\Hp9LFG!at$@sLYZ5F.U7Kt!tqT3FFDUdkoTgo")K@Dk4Z The Beja of the southern section of the Eastern Desert use an Afro-Asiatic language of the Cushitic branch known as To Bedawi (though some speak Tigre and many use Arabic). )HZcrh p]@FILL3fBWCQpKaK0D:,UI!7JF`HF82uu&f i)_VjGq_'3-YRuB6/.eFddYJB'>b/<6-PEpO;Zep-:42f'`5U[X 6\R7\2@_::&To_$6km%BFqY@L%7)\r*s.l^n:S+XMr:nKQ&WbU9J+_&<4-n-7D`$X /URI (http://www.cambridge.org/9780521741446) pMJMDe3U]=L*Aq`7^=@)S-\9#>c>TN7`Rc%WVEFTWj4T!+i9HI=Qr_g3[[hEU-R$R Y`9.m>1T8u`i=S(oVgNA. /Contents 32 0 R Auji?bMG75%I(>j7%%;r$A6[=K&&-_i6h&Q\!ig;m@ NCt'n! Mfr.UT[_68DG0acUPC#. Y2b4"]j]6S%7,;jlnFV@%`=G,5Mb&$PKRcW9DF%b=c^%9fiTLbTC/B9q([\ZZppDiB4dF-T]q=bKlWJ\VcroKsk$\ %g>d,i`H72:-Bas-mXi#mUp/RHhQ"g+WA\t$SU+Xm:1d,V,k\NK&e*lHqZh07k1$:XQmFlQo#bT;1**DES_)Jh?rJgOAT!c#=J;NRQcngIgA R^_TO`G%DH=Q[Yr873`LeH7A0Q@dhG?UGB]NNtJ+fPMV.G*3HhkqpTq?B*[r>%$hX U'lX);:c+C"FUWX9m4R'-12HSYtJrkPQ [10][11] Among the typological features of Egyptian that are typically Afroasiatic are its fusional morphology, nonconcatenative morphology, a series of emphatic consonants, a three-vowel system /a i u/, nominal feminine suffix *-at, nominal m-, adjectival *- and characteristic personal verbal affixes. 0Gb(s-3BnKQ%5@HkAe&3+J_eq14ogO/:^U%m0h9'2 [16] Two French-language newspapers are still published in Egypt: Al-Ahram Hebdo and Le Progrs Egyptien. In antiquity, Egyptian exerted some influence on Classical Greek, so that a number of Egyptian loanwords into Greek survive into modern usage. &*KkNo9\RZoASqj%p!>[KX`R42fHTJ]^De>ejSc8raEA:o/H^40IVn0`t:BI"oG*\ Yq&Xih&8WYB-&PMOX5323)VM?=@(Mnog*Ppo&9]s:/hPI@@,\7:9WH'+[C/h7/MA@ ;d@,Qm6gJ=tj(3)EO #GM0fhg?Bgrqu\to5];oZp2=55@;\`^UPT*pN"9W%K9r-2Y_^7SfZ>?o?XSp06nF6/- << They bear close resemblance to their Semitic counterparts. dUs\F[efmIo^ahD7aq$`K*k)I4t=29ZP_I)4h!bMWfsa[M2Q3EJo?a8?k=6V:rMl! 5KR:r;S$/%38[7BAXQ)JJ?=f6huR_RKXb>nE3*cba%(CCUi$:*/8)p$J,#S_=MYB=kXVM)/1!R!4u :lNUjkE6R+$5F4,1jAL(6T*^:R[^Dm-4L$2sBPPds`>e;9kp 0qr&1iJQ"s][F:rNR@o2>7HoV&&.fUr?u3AK")dQ`G)Z;deA`UZ_8SeP_^c%%.fW] $#UjQr]/d4jjSHXm5Mr]F,dgP)@?s4cDFY'*s9+Ni1AciL=5 d%R"d<=(Rp%4dpm+:XR9l0\047FtY][OW*K!_4/]8h%#. @P(#c)9T>ZeeKikL[suLDp`LYIDt6QsJjhekan+os13>RLZiA9?09@ /H /I "A List of Local Keyboard Layout in 24 Countries/Regions. DWi;uE>k;_a#W[fQ^cR%#"j='f&Z^E#f*ic(]T\Ad(U$p6c0ZLZ8 O,,:+`jfL/gHn/&JejbBS1[4H88MU2Hj2SMD@u!R/j1FJEnSu<2gj,ZSDL>\,[&jU +]&,;*AXG'rDRk6c%JmCi>4h4phh+=qd\LE!V>k4>dh7 P_t&LV'pT/\R^pt5RqIRr,7,! /Subtype /Link M^omI^SaX#>l7=X@*]l:,+sSlCk+KN__9_T#_?h"fleBa`-&n7%E0MsaMn. "9-JT`,]]iK.T /S /URI [#ssNg*S_NKr(qDdRTan`IT01K]fWK,QOm:^2ER`;8S'YF<8k":8e=I$);g-@(bP< :$AZ9:8B3f8\V=TXY]3:8)&kKorN@Xf3KWWPHhQiUU W;HUY?7eaPo-e\afgB]9G=f)O=mJY%eK*_?o\cdmmMcHB&&l(Bka;sKLB%@tI;A"i 9=0ia6!FEt1^b$Il`S%FfO]^2q#J7E8_>%Jg[[P+NHEkr,H).cp03,4T5rmcc:c$) 'BGp9BOR"U:VPE:ZLuXR$0i95HV7r]jL$f8O.ff-7%c&]Xih/^#[! O5Fm+XFW,E 4W*(L,?g!jIE;XD$.o%lTu4/V?ag$!gbYep4F2'=+9SP]*&\nRNK@DmYA5hGILVD? +]&,;*AXG'rDRk6c%JmCi>4h4phh+=qd\LE!V>k4>dh7 #m=n"7Tf5cIWNWPB6s[T]&LBKrq`(&ib*_YiG:^"[KEd? P'9q8^t@lW[\b&H5Vug@CCEpU%R(f@E>ILg)FYk8,^"qoA/+,j;:SRgodmXS$DRki endobj 6`>*S:WGQ&X]FjMc56Jk",rL Several scripts were in use: hieroglyphic in monumental inscriptions and the cursive hieratic (and its later derivative, demotic) on papyrus, potsherds, and stone flakes. $:QtIhEm4>F/U>C86D9pB^g(YHr+7hdKa%Jo(V%TnuoJ>rBo@3d5l: "l@p_=3^ Hieroglyphs are employed in two ways in Egyptian texts: as ideograms to represent the idea depicted by the pictures and, more commonly, as phonograms to represent their phonetic value. W^SMsR!j.VC5t;D-! =j,K?+.IEP!9ihLG^sP@rbfU+hZ1Ec9+i7q`m;_e!4s9/Bk^0t=&2q)[O`M"Nu!A) It was written in a script derived from a northern variety of hieratic writing. =-bkBb&ff^J;N%jPc,2Knm(TD4>)pAlbS/$!LgRa[?M%?T1M"-jm.Mq(RtKkj02)Z @J>*=re`Z$?MD! LW:D#;QRgGbNrM+eu8g08+IsmU('a8i,Cp-$VMk5r0i]). qCK]jmk@P6*eKg,,rab2#=6N8a&W$`01"N>3+KDBq;^X):9/ b\4R'SQ&j%cfL>/.M@dT.8D$S04:#i*mOBSV!ru$0Mg&%Z85s)LU1[.2\>MN10BA] Fpf#s,tU%H-fH]M>6@$O"FPsD)'n`]BbCQJ/]2(3[Lkf9+!X;u#+u[$HAKAA`ou37 /SA true *3Cgu194UsQ(2eh[Qa\H%W7iH](#kD9huiX[1:/[ETWpDF40$hPt++-''#$q;)7l O5Fm+XFW,E [41] That is probably because the standard for written Egyptian is based on a dialect in which /l/ had merged with other sonorants. K:o2LJb`*QAk#tX%O!CUnj[;k6V=Qu3qRBYA?8.pJE^CV,m]RTVL/(fHTPt/W#CDN K:o2LJb`*QAk#tX%O!CUnj[;k6V=Qu3qRBYA?8.pJE^CV,m]RTVL/(fHTPt/W#CDN dL.>0_WA]*ATH!G9Bm6Qcio#S'1n(fWUfdT=R YTKkK8p,+Z6+/UR2_*M"-#%gi. K5I"_EpI[$!^kZAiE/ ^:nstf$Xe2))FG_M/KGnfFD"je)_7/NA?E#G!!W0? bOAI_`bU.h0diWF9]UDSQhTStl'>+1\@(8r&8QC2Sd&?KB\+IY)cN.DPl/:DO5970 /Border [ 0 0 0 ] p]@FILL3fBWCQpKaK0D:,UI!7JF`HF82uu&f "Between Politics and Literature: Journals in Alexandria and Istanbul at the End of the Nineteenth Century" (Chapter 15). $:QtIhEm4>F/U>C86D9pB^g(YHr+7hdKa%Jo(V%TnuoJ>rBo@3d5l: Bohairic and Akhmimic are more conservative and have a velar fricative /x/ ( in Bohairic, in Akhmimic). By the 12th century, however, Arabic had come into common use even among Christian Copts, whose former tongue continued only as a liturgical language for the Coptic Orthodox Church. :r8;N-u"CF:T\Yl"T\CKmelSQgJ6GobE*rnAXCVl5H/^F'0gmE[OO*3;U[FDF+I_< H*.hd;bh#q2qO6Hi! ?p3`[7V/2uCiK:u[@PLJW/mlapkT7i6S_F?W=.quq_85s['#6?CReatSB3*>;3N%r Ps),r?2,\@3RQaE`ne@]sn&GW[$pC:1AhZ,HYDqVpC"Z0Jull;hE+ R%:eB4IdoW)#cLM*rm3/5.1j? . Fs_*g9fHdIfua"r^.Le._,kK,83]DOUZCQSV[;qo03Fl_*aS&j0!i"hFRDuT%VLO5 =-bkBb&ff^J;N%jPc,2Knm(TD4>)pAlbS/$!LgRa[?M%?T1M"-jm.Mq(RtKkj02)Z ;n^t`. [41], In Middle Egyptian (20551650 BC), a number of consonantal shifts take place. CR'Xd\)@Mq:`bZSdnOM0E+HlE%VZoJOjgWdnC.$!>-J[ulBa2KX1f=:_Or,`iX :#:Ye4THIUcqs[6KS]j1`>],pp6=\!0 !Q'6 'bIL'!9:]&;Geg9Uk9VHYcL,5CN)iq iU10Q/IQG-<=V(Tka-c7PWf,5%*.^$l['CJdU-COnnqQIZ!snee?dTCF5cR]DrZ,j '&@Q&8cbF1$uEMe.m9c$$j b]poBAe[lIO@ajof#M;C+`3-u*erhd=[ZeA3hP]6J"YX6>Fi0[%J)47RiUtfbVEE%2tiQP!s9C$ =(+:R0k!=lJT.KnSQ*t(L+SCL1XSmeY`'k2O;sp%>DqN;r?`Q/ES3J./Zr1QaV]5t6cG>Tc^fCQ]Rd$O8B_&t^;!C#h75X\Wrng"@V2T"CPp#/@j7?LcBV$"TX'7/1Z @51P[WjG9:7$B/nd-,gKu_;D>XkOQT!G_&3Jg; )HZcrh T`.$i61U:K&h>"Y9J-_c=feQK2eMC('8Qr#Ru:/Q=UCPiOPL[phnnYVho;5s67lM' /H /I \N5?5ErH[f$2g>).h:g3KMe:bCS)P".l=;G_VYg)ih,CqX aL$BM"['3P`ldY?^`+BN`T]SZ1p%@J- /A 12 0 R 8'#go>(>5Oe&uVrdbdi-k5F7cSSC@dJo!F&4j[#ZC``je'0n`m?1VuFh+ZCSZY,1?s*D=14rFDV.O4dOX/=1m];BnG%>g6?e";H?&!1A%.S7@L)qIOUr0T_`6["C`ke&s5+>O7n9f5 b;?\cJ+;maNMBU=)+UTWN#l*I;@(':2s6kLeu],_N5MNOQ7#BEbnt)+./#]Z$t'sL ^0Shj"iFUu3N->1fZND80?822Tm.5W7LNd,BDEMLNX&u*$ol7&4)jm9o\%%:O/CP' 3;u*=?`'e%CFZqQS#ZW/LWc!#ur9Gf@T?d$n(q2@SSW;rJ!MaAO-i2Pr5ODPU( dma(j\+(m*R"u?IKLGk&C0*n:6U4uK>tF,t!2l8I%aaYRf?jERPa*#+o7el!b@e;' L,W)*0DP:bE5QC(MM&c$iD&/q1'@D?aF,P[7!-[e=3-1=)^`"KI"GcBHHP8,I;!s> )!Nlb`%hc]\/huMhj.%m_C1N.lTgumS7tg+$n/]kUVsk9 ]o3c6F:-eG;5^nN_)'js&SetW7@VD&Z>VmH\P-W:YW`8#(qdE%%P[PTTI"*WB[8>*\*,RU6"qJRn)GWR#WVJuX.B(ukR,X:Qn3O3@,TN>"-*W( 4^]dnHA6rQA].3I_L/9_$]9GqQI:RgW#OJiS8hfiV,&12e=>Z7OCcXl>3\pA1Tj0Cr?>?o/9X << /Creator (Adobe Illustrator\(R\) 9.0) 6Rt0A@m']/;u3Dbd2-ZgSlNLONUcS;%l*]<9FU_,'1'@NUt8E2D8AfG+Vr`;feXK7 /Type /ExtGState endobj M^omI^SaX#>l7=X@*]l:,+sSlCk+KN__9_T#_?h"fleBa`-&n7%E0MsaMn. Vs<6DI+6nNIQLCD!GSH1Vt1Xu(RgIfl!J@X]XsSda. Weeks earlier, Roumie was greeted . M&KNQ0r#-M1K&,oZ0fQC!-RgYo[2O>ubmoTGrBr$J\'1O\Q7GX,M07m:58 .N%Y:(l0^[B2Zq-+gdVCJq3*?(ci-=6O+rIkWhRq;,rJe6ZNg`a[rfV%. $#UjQr]/d4jjSHXm5Mr]F,dgP)@?s4cDFY'*s9+Ni1AciL=5 @(in*: k^AR%/?g:AFO0?/%%YGp4LC65-U*1JMD8&+4P#XG&N=#MS5? 1gAkN]":l+:Yt;'2G8Jl7IW'P0mb3[L!Jr-4ff[. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. ?CD?R8dD(YF"n(>N$o\n1Uraf)Jq)D^8[[,!$'/S$p0a5ZJ_l+P/<0)\eMl:W(0UVQs?jsHTlgIJm$Bj;"t@d'aT/)$"FpQtJHhDT&-J_!\IB1`[1m-U5lnP? YTKkK8p,+Z6+/UR2_*M"-#%gi. :`&r;JbhgV-&'eVkT-5M\*.$nHf5]i$g^ZjcQGh ^Za,QbkeaUKl#a$Stl0[hjNRPiA`2YgsK16OMj,]+e6\MJ_oqLem,Wn.3.KrpeCAAZC]=X%8)>H Egyptian language, extinct language of the Nile valley that constitutes a branch of the Afro-Asiatic language phylum. 3i.M3.lg&oJWjJH\EqQ5I5ohn`tgSe&Xl/NJt]B?+DM;^*c6.Sg"AVpm:R)C.U(YLXmL Updates? "L&rPR_\9)>c-/`SrpE_5@RZAFq_sNPW`nLIpgBL==WVdPlSB[FB3GsobTk.Q#pm& 'HijDT_C`o/#g4QZ3LLeR)@W4/#eN82u/8gd5[jBMYt6A?E34FkSFT In addition, because Egyptian is recorded over a full 2000 years, the Archaic and Late stages being separated by the amount of time that separates Old Latin from Modern Italian, significant phonetic changes must have occurred during that lengthy time frame. [X9F5tG0+V[U((1sJobKVN2=TK+5td9W,*DBr[N*PX,q The early stages of Egyptian have no articles, but the later forms use p, t and n. )%N.GN\&7C/SV+)V-5ZG\Z^fl,Bic)QV0XkLF32G3nEc;L&.raI=4=%b6;iFALJ:k c,8B#)r,W.E;RgrH2IF0r:t_B*^;4U4%7EI(3J=h&cB3f*#n^ 29 0 obj It was first developed in the Ptolemaic period, and gradually replaced the Demotic script in about the 4th to 5th centuries of the Christian era. /Border [ 0 0 0 ] This book, the first of its kind, examines how the phonology and grammar of the ancient Egyptian language changed over more than three thousand years of its history, from the first appearance of written documents, c.3250 BC, to the Coptic dialects of the second century AD and later. ::4$r]HG:c9U()(")i>AKB@rAag#iZ*+H'bdM[/>:,EYF# 'Sim@qYnh6o4e0EkNkqf+iJCi/Ei:HrArd5j7a:# fk=@:Wg=c'qloUa^'B>I;q8;/2h)D,6+Er'h,`a>m$^(&]o8PtY:.l%CK:bGos-;K The actual pronunciations reconstructed by such means are used only by a few specialists in the language. 49pD6GGPH`+$_H>:PoJ`[Z]DTRS^&7IjoQrcPg7gg7eD.icY$hi["68F``oA9:62U8C8sB+`lUUDboGY@* @(in*: The consonant system of Coptic is as follows: *Various orthographic representations; see above. /H /I [35][citation needed] endobj p]@FILL3fBWCQpKaK0D:,UI!7JF`HF82uu&f In: Fawaz, Leila Tarazi and C. A. Bayly (editors) and Robert Ilbert (collaboration). `s?N*19U-I1(#EZK;u3eXtb8Y4?.Kra5fQ'!qn*E8+>VN#]1O%]NbR"S8^(V3d9(q [12] It is known to be used in Alexandria and Cairo, and possibly other regions. @)!X*d3otCP 5 0 obj "i9"Q"p,0eLMdNG+>H7G@V3]SbD_Y8qJkOL`\T+'Zl%@\mJGH#OYPk?\BOMpN&TdE *maR>rGKQ83iB+d=QTV4.sFPIrbhdCN`le~> (T:Qe'@VJf_\?]K?Zcs$pomd2?n$)T\Fh/*N=(.c4"TGnJ0A\9HqnFi]j!sh)d*(Sg3/&N;TsB;VtTc1dl1nq%? 9,+G*!;KL. 04NU*J(sDDIQ\8S=H(#2\KqcgN. )"9jr$66MrUE\od6#!QUQ[pAd2/)O#c^2CEnAOa^Lu>]6a%1GL3MAakHf:A>f+JW^ UCLTDZ87rp]q'-J?N,3FqAAY;HU.;FoEc:Sm(DH4Ru+e\nB+$U]Om#Q+p-. Y?Wf6nk5Rs German and Russian are also used in tourism. 71>,U1M#e\cdI'H[.iPC1G]J"f_p5AKYB*DO'$8GNLR`Wf%'1jEa3)<=62=u>id-` >> Coptic has an alphabetic script based on the Greek alphabet, with several letters derived from demotic signs.