Its solubility data is shown in Figure 4.13b. &Tgz*/3"I,YJ/sW"r'` WW-dp}}}@?be \D`K{/ RfrrsCVP'gCVKmof(T$|#hdMvs_khthC5m]BH;~9;jTwciX0'qu_1QjWX~jwO$lqC:X Jp$k(VaE= Molecule mining approaches apply a similarity-matrix-based prediction or an automatic fragmentation scheme into molecular substructures. Thus, SLR of 1:50 g . Valence Bond Theory of Coordination Compounds, Adsorption Chromatography: Definition & Example. 8)", "Water-oil partition profiling of ionized drug molecules using cyclic voltammetry and a 96-well microfilter plate system", "A new access to Gibbs energies of transfer of ions across liquid|liquid interfaces and a new method to study electrochemical processes at well-defined three-phase junctions", "Quantitative analysis of biochemical processes in living cells at a single-molecule level: a case of olaparibPARP1 (DNA repair protein) interactions", "The toxicity data landscape for environmental chemicals", "Lipophilicity--methods of determination and its role in medicinal chemistry", "Atomic Physicochemical Parameters for Three-Dimensional Structure-Directed Quantitative StructureActivity Relationships I. Partition Coefficients as a Measure of Hydrophobicity", "Computation of octanol-water partition coefficients by guiding an additive model with knowledge", "Simple method of calculating octanol/water partition coefficient", "A review of methods for the calculation of solution free energies and the modelling of systems in solution", "A comparison of log Kow (n-octanolwater partition coefficient) values for non-ionic, anionic, cationic and amphoteric surfactants determined using predictions and experimental methods", "Octanol-Water Partition Coefficient Measurement by a Simple, "Determination of liquid-liquid partition coefficients by separation methods", "Chapter 3: Solubility and Lipophilicity", List of boiling and freezing information of solvents, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Partition_coefficient&oldid=1140367721, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles with unsourced statements from June 2021, All articles needing additional references, Articles needing additional references from March 2016, Articles with unsourced statements from March 2016, Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from March 2016, Articles lacking reliable references from March 2016, Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from March 2016, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 19 February 2023, at 19:59. 0000001282 00000 n Partition coefficients are useful in estimating the distribution of drugs within the body. A fresh portion of the organic phase is then added to remove more of the solute in a second extraction. [44][45] This strategy requires methods for the determination of concentrations in individual cells, i.e., with Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy or quantitative Image analysis. The given solid must be much more soluble in the organic solvent than in water. Legal. copyright 2003-2023 Study.com. [34] Partition coefficient can also be used to predict the mobility of radionuclides in groundwater. Acetylation of Ferrocene | Mechanism, Equation & Major Product, SAT Subject Test Chemistry: Practice and Study Guide, CSET Science Subtest II Chemistry (218): Practice & Study Guide, NY Regents Exam - Chemistry: Help and Review, General Chemistry Syllabus Resource & Lesson Plans, Virginia SOL - Chemistry: Test Prep & Practice, NES Chemistry (306): Practice & Study Guide, BMAT (Biomedical Admissions Test): Practice & Preparation, WBJEEM (West Bengal Joint Entrance Exam): Test Prep & Syllabus, Organic & Inorganic Compounds Study Guide, GACE Special Education Mathematics & Science (088): Practice & Study Guide, Create an account to start this course today. Acetanilide Structure, Uses & Hazards | What is Acetanilide? If you see a charge or if you see a row I metal (Li, Na, K) then its a salt. This is essentially an equilibration process whereby we start with the solute in the aqueous phase and allow it to distribute into the organic phase. [citation needed], Values for other compounds may be found in a variety of available reviews and monographs. To unlock this lesson you must be a Study.com Member. The widely used anions are oxion, triphenylphosphine, and some inorganic anions such as FeCl4-, MnO4, 2. Organic compounds are generally much more soluble in organic solvents, like benzene, chloroform, and ether, than in water and these solvents are immiscible with water. Fragmentary log P values have been determined in a statistical method analogous to the atomic methods (least-squares fitting to a training set). =: You transfer the ether to a pre-weighed round-bottom flask (RB flask) and place it on the rotary evaporator (rotovap). \(^3\)From: The Merck Index, 12\(^\text{th}\) edition, Merck Research Laboratories, 1996. [2]:551ff[21][pageneeded][22]:1121ff[23][pageneeded][24] Critical discussions of the challenges of measurement of logP and related computation of its estimated values (see below) appear in several reviews. If a substance is present as several chemical species in the partition system due to association or dissociation, each species is assigned its own Kow value. To measure the partition coefficient of ionizable solutes, the pH of the aqueous phase is adjusted such that the predominant form of the compound in solution is the un-ionized, or its measurement at another pH of interest requires consideration of all species, un-ionized and ionized (see following). HlTn0+hb46aWfVdmSlU("PGqEb D:u=-;k X|I`[^M#8u`0cVNRW?W&qlQ+;39^Q,'9KfBOUZ@X k,Qisc44k;'' l=U'iSppm eOm+Yd5CsLw{2Nj(A^Xm#mBPGdfIk c.#!; A typical data-mining-based prediction uses support-vector machines,[55] decision trees, or neural networks. l}g% k;y_ ~B(&8 KJ1F startxref Since we really want as much of the solute in the organic phase as possible, this system has not yet achieved that outcome. After solving the algebra, \(x = \textbf{0.40 g}\). countercurrent distribution, in chemistry, a multistage solvent-extraction process, one of many separation methods that can be employed in chemical analysis. In the first stage: In the first extraction 2/3 (that is, 66.7%) is extracted. This result means that \(0.12 \: \text{g}\) is extracted into the diethyl ether in the second extraction and \(0.09 \: \text{g}\) remains in the aqueous layer \(\left( 0.21 \: \text{g} - 0.12 \: \text{g} \right)\). Percent efficiency is calculated for every used solvent and method to get the max possible yield. [38], A faster method of log P determination makes use of high-performance liquid chromatography. If the \(50 \: \text{mL}\) diethyl ether extracts are combined in this example (Figure 4.19), there would be a total of \(0.46 \: \text{g}\) of hyoscyamine in the combined organic extracts. Solvent extraction is the process in which a compound transfers from one solvent to another owing to the difference in solubility or distribution coefficient between these two immiscible (or slightly soluble) solvents. Masking agents are metal complexing agents, introduced here to improve the separation factor. How to tell if a compound is a salt you ask? H]0s|),;#n@av[n_oN?f\A0HzzrONDW]E: ^\#|z$1LM"]8}$bHZy 7e.gC JC 0000004026 00000 n [1], In the chemical and pharmaceutical sciences, both phases usually are solvents. The only real exceptions you have to know about are halogenated solvents such as dichloromethane and chloroform- these are denser than water and so will always be on bottom. The partition coefficient generally refers to the concentration ratio of un-ionized species of compound, whereas the distribution coefficient refers to the concentration ratio of all species of the compound (ionized plus un-ionized). Immiscible liquids are ones that cannot get mixed up together and separate into layers when shaken together. [citation needed]. Alberta Education Diploma - Chemistry 30: Exam Prep & Study Guide, Psychological Research & Experimental Design, All Teacher Certification Test Prep Courses, What Is Distillation? 0000005551 00000 n These liquids are usually water and an organic solvent. In solvent extraction, masking agents are used to prevent unwanted metals from producing extractable complexes hence increasing the selectivity of the procedure. Distribution coefficients play a large role in the efficacy of a drug. Using \(K\), the calculation is identical to the previous discussion, differing only in the smaller volume of the organic layer (\(50 \: \text{mL}\) instead of \(150 \: \text{mL}\)). Neutrals Whether the pH is acidic or basic, these will remain neutral under all circumstances. Shake and drain off the lower DCM layer. Ionic substances are more soluble in water than in organic solvents. In this technique, the Salute or solutes are distributed between two immiscible liquids IE organic and aqueous layers. Partition Coefficient Concept & Equation | What is the Partition Coefficient? , in the case where partition of ionized forms into non-polar phase can be neglected, can be formulated as[13][14], The following approximate expressions are valid only for monoprotic acids and bases:[13][14], Further approximations for when the compound is largely ionized:[13][14], For prediction of pKa, which in turn can be used to estimate logD, Hammett type equations have frequently been applied. The distribution coefficient (K) is a measure of how well a given solvent will extract and hold in the organic phase a constituent from the aqueous feed liquor. It is possible to add a relatively hydrophobic ligand to the system. How much hyoscyamine would be extracted with this method? \[\begin{align} K_\text{benzene} &\sim \dfrac{\left( \dfrac{1 \: \text{g caffeine}}{100 \: \text{mL benzene}} \right)}{\left( \dfrac{1 \: \text{g caffeine}}{46 \: \text{mL water}} \right)} \sim 0.46 \\[4pt] K_\text{chloroform} &\sim \dfrac{\left( \dfrac{1 \: \text{g caffeine}}{5.5 \: \text{mL chloroform}} \right)}{\left( \dfrac{1 \: \text{g caffeine}}{46 \: \text{mL water}} \right)} \sim 8.4 \end{align}\]. It is also known as n-octanol-water partition ratio. So 1/3 of the original amount is still retained in aqueous medium. [10]:2804 Hence, a single experiment can be used to measure the logarithms of the partition coefficient (log P) giving the distribution of molecules that are primarily neutral in charge, as well as the distribution coefficient (log D) of all forms of the molecule over a pH range, e.g., between 2 and 12. The values listed here[67] are sorted by the partition coefficient. The partition coefficient, abbreviated P, is defined as a particular ratio of the concentrations of a solute between the two solvents (a biphase of liquid phases), specifically for un-ionized solutes, and the logarithm of the ratio is thus log P.[10]:275ff When one of the solvents is water and the other is a non-polar solvent, then the log P value is a measure of lipophilicity or hydrophobicity. When equilibrium has established, the ratio of concentration of solute in each layer is constant for each system, and this can be represented by a value \(K\) (called the partition coefficient or distribution coefficient). For most moderately polar to non-polar organic compounds the distribution coefficient, K, will have a value between 0.5 to 10 for distribution between an organic solvent and . 0000000873 00000 n There are two terms used for describing this distribution, one of which is called the distribution coefficient (DC), the other of which is called the partition coefficient (DM). This result means that \(0.29 \: \text{g}\) is extracted into the diethyl ether in the first extraction and \(0.21 \: \text{g}\) remains in the aqueous layer \(\left( 0.50 \: \text{g} - 0.29 \: \text{g} \right)\). M5*_=_JCg +UC\3w%xPQt=Ezc{9B$-~o;*A"` She has taught high school, AP chemistry for 2 years and is teaching undergraduate college chemistry for 3 years. This equilibrium constant is known as partition coefficient Kpc. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. This result means \(0.04 \: \text{g}\) remains in the aqueous layer \(\left( 0.09 \: \text{g} - 0.05 \: \text{g} \right)\) after the third extraction. It is to be noted that should be very large for the extraction of solute by solvent extraction. Hence the hydrophobicity of a compound (as measured by its distribution coefficient) is a major determinant of how drug-like it is. Coordination Compounds Applications & Importance | What is Coordination Compound? If a second extraction (again, done with L cc solvent) is made, the quantity unextracted would be: x2 = x1 * KV / KV + L = x0 * KV / KV + L * KV / KV + L = x0 (KV / KV + L)2. (b) What is the molar concentration of the analyte . [36], In metallurgy, the partition coefficient is an important factor in determining how different impurities are distributed between molten and solidified metal. In this technique, the Salute or solutes are distributed between two immiscible liquids IE organic and aqueous layers. The coefficients a and b were obtained by slope analysis. Here are my sample calculations. Before examining chromatographic separations, it is useful to consider the separation process in a liquid-liquid extraction. The key requirement of solvent extraction for high efficiency is the conditions that lead to a higher distribution ratio of solute to be extracted. An aqueous sample contains a complex mixture of organic compounds, all of which are at trace concentrations. There is a problem at the end of this chapter to demonstrate that more extractions are better than one larger extraction. As before, we can assign the quantity of hyoscyamine extracted into the diethyl ether the value "\(x\)", which would leave "\(0.50 \: \text{g} - x\)" remaining in the aqueous layer of the first extraction. =NPFWk(](h)g#|d_I_ AD2[o":NNaxqgiUi6 0000002131 00000 n This is used extraction ion and purification of the analyte. expression for ionized solutes becomes simply an extension of this, into the range of values I > 0. The ring structure with no charge is formed by the coordination of metals with several types of ligands depending upon the requirements and conditions. (I just wrote them out an scanned them in rather than typing it up). Fractional Distillation Examples & Diagram | What is Fractional Distillation? Enrolling in a course lets you earn progress by passing quizzes and exams. distribution coefficient is very low, by repeated extractions with small volumes of solvent. If the compound has lots of polar groups, such as hydroxyl (-OH), it might be soluble in water. This law gives the best results when employed under the following conditions. Most organic solvents are immiscible with water. Actinides Properties & Characteristics | What are Actinides? The partition coefficient is the ratio of the moles of solute in the two phases, and is a more effective means of measuring whether you have achieved the desired goal. Hence there is a need to prioritize the remainder for testing. Solvent extraction is acknowledged as the most promising method for metal separation and purification especially in industrial production due to . It can be used to separate minute quantities of almost every metal from its ores. "A:! qO-Qjz In other words, in two extractions using the same 100 cc ether we can separate (2/3 + 2/9), or 88.9%, of the original amount of the compound. 0000006125 00000 n Hydrophobic insecticides and herbicides tend to be more active. Solvent extraction, also called liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) and partitioning, is a method to separate compounds based on their relative solubilities in two different immiscible liquids. The extraction is repeated two to three times, or perhaps more times if the compound has a low partition coefficient in the organic solvent. iOS8pe #H7//H|PYsHbc,"O W=t$Na \YN7Q4j$!'9xaURD*X@8J>F1;x7UBH!LXf[8o%uye=/FOB`? 9i The calculation for the third extraction is as follows: \[4.07 = \dfrac{\left( \dfrac{x}{50 \: \text{mL ether}} \right)}{\left( \dfrac{0.09 \: \text{g} - x}{150 \: \text{mL water}} \right)}\]. Shake and drain off the lower DCM layer. 2nd extraction: 8.0 mL 0.020 M aq. Thus, a two-stage extraction is more efficient. [50] As discussed in more detail below, estimates of partition coefficients can be made using a variety of methods, including fragment-based, atom-based, and knowledge-based that rely solely on knowledge of the structure of the chemical. The SFPE procedure combined with LC-MS/MS analysis was used for the first time to prepare a clinical sample containing the drugs mentioned above from different therapeutic groups. Distribution constants are useful as they allow the calculation of the concentration of remaining analyte in the solution, even after a number of solvent extractions have occurred. NaCl is widely used for this purpose. Download scientific diagram | Distribution coefficient, D of jojoba oil using different solvents. It is nondestructive and best for volatile and unstable substances. A somewhat similar procedure can often be used to extract metal complexes into an organic phase. endstream endobj 678 0 obj <>stream Ratio of concentrations in a mixture at equilibrium, "4.2.4: Partition and Distribution Coefficients", "Chapter 15: General Anesthetic Pharmacology", "Chapter 3: Free Energy and Phase Diagrams", "The partition of organic compounds. These two liquids, flowing in opposite directions, are brought into contact, mixed, and allowed to separate. So, after n-th extraction, the quantity left behind would be: If the entire quantity of the extracting solvent is used in one lot, the unextracted amount x will be: Let's work through a sample problem to understand solvent extraction. Equivalence Point Overview & Examples | How to Find Equivalence Points. We can use these facts to our advantage to purify the products of a reaction. E9e%75S3`fPEug The rotovap works by lowering the pressure inside your round-bottom flask, allowing the a solvent to boil off at room temperature. Step 1: Lower the pH of the water using concentrated hydrochloric acid. endstream endobj 676 0 obj <>stream The two phases are put into a device called a separatory funnel, and compounds in the system will distribute between the two phases. It has been shown that the log P of a compound can be determined by the sum of its non-overlapping molecular fragments (defined as one or more atoms covalently bound to each other within the molecule). The results of the calculations in this section are summarized in Figure 4.18. The purpose of this lab is to calculate the Kd of benzoic acid in dichloromethane. Most applications of liquid-liquid extraction in the laboratory require only a few contacts Generally, after the purification of WPA by solvent extraction, the content of P2O5 in . A related value, D, does not distinguish between different species, only indicating the concentration ratio of the substance between the two phases. P (Solution 2: NEUTRALS IN METHYLENE CHLORIDE) The acids go into the water layer. Devise a way to solubilize the organic anion shown below in the organic solvent of a two-phase system in which the second phase is water. The solubility of these solutes is different from the corresponding solvent. A solvent for extraction should have the following properties; The solvent must have the following properties, Some commonly used solvents are Trichloromethane, Methly benzene, and Diethlyether. Some common masking agents are 8-quinolinol for Fe3+, CN(cyanate), Tartarate, etc. KY.%$?//x`a9%y[6UiRs9*Be#ChM*@I!fb#_ww3]Zl'x2iPg>O^-. 0000004605 00000 n Legal. It is also calculated as the ratio of the concentration of the compound in a mixture of two immiscible solvent systems, "solvent x" and "solvent y.". [40], An advantage of this method is that it is fast (520 minutes per sample). [11][24], A drug's distribution coefficient strongly affects how easily the drug can reach its intended target in the body, how strong an effect it will have once it reaches its target, and how long it will remain in the body in an active form. 660 0 obj <> endobj Organic Chemistry Practice Problems and Problem Sets. Vibrational Spectroscopy Overview & Types | What is Vibrational Spectroscopy? Explore the definition and process of solvent extraction and discover a sample problem. xbbr``b``3 1x4> s It plays a key role in Organic synthesis. If the goal is to extract caffeine preferentially and leave behind other components in the tea, one solvent may be more selective in this regard. 7), and Procedures of Hazard and Risk Assessment (Ch. Conversely, hydrophilic drugs (low octanol/water partition coefficients) are found primarily in aqueous regions such as blood serum.[4]. By the rule the correct answer will keep you in orgo lab longer, its the second choice- two 5 mL extractions. Why is methanol a good solvent for extraction? The desire is to have three solutions at the end, each in methylene chloride, one of which contains only the organic acids, the second contains only the organic bases, and the third contains only the neutrals. In addition, Hammett-type corrections are included to account of electronic and steric effects. [8][additional citation(s) needed], In contrast, the IUPAC recommends that the title term no longer be used, rather, that it be replaced with more specific terms. The process is often repeated with a third extraction (not shown in Figure 4.16), with the aqueous layer from the second extraction being returned to the separatory funnel, followed by another portion of fresh organic solvent. partition coefficient, K: K = (conc. 0000053954 00000 n The "partition coefficient, (K)" defines the solubility differences for a given compound between two immiscible solvents at equilibrium. Instead of using one \(150 \: \text{mL}\) portion, let's instead split the solvent into three \(50 \: \text{mL}\) portions of diethyl ether. If the same 100 cc of solution is used in four or five lots, a still greater proportion could be extracted. At the end of this guide I'll show you the sample calculations involving the distribution coefficient, Kd. hd0U7vE|{T;+n9Jr(nkdnFBG,gWtll(jJ"}R.PVZG!Wy_.^mlP"E7AzTEIZ#I2y5`8)'~}Z`!-&} QSAR equations, which in turn are based on calculated partition coefficients, can be used to provide toxicity estimates. 0000051411 00000 n xref Upon shaking, these separate into two layers. More specifically, for a drug to be orally absorbed, it normally must first pass through lipid bilayers in the intestinal epithelium (a process known as transcellular transport). Stripping is the removal of extracted solute from the organic phase for further investigations. 0000048717 00000 n Water and organic solvents should not be miscible to each other. Effect of D2EHPA concentration on extraction degree of metal ions In general, the distribution coefficient (D) increases with increasing extractant concentration, and it is preferable to have high extractant concentration for a better extraction of RE. of extractions performed, K is the distribution coefficient, V A is the volume of solvent A and V B is the volume of solvent B. First extraction:in a sep funnel add 50.0 mL of the aqueous benzoic acid solution and 10.0 mL dichloromethane (DCM). In common practice, the solute often exits in different molecular conditions in two immiscible phases due to polymerization ionization, and complexation, therefore partition coefficient is used to define the ratio. The distribution coefficient represents the equilibrium constant for this process. All other trademarks and copyrights are the property of their respective owners. [38][39] The most common method of measuring the distribution of the solute is by UV/VIS spectroscopy. In the chemistry lab, it is most common to use liquid-liquid extraction, a process that occurs in a separatory funnel. In physical science, partition coefficient (P) or distribution coefficient (D) is a ratio of a compound's concentrations in the mix of two immiscible solvents at the equilibrium. Hydrophobic drugs with high octanol-water partition coefficients are mainly distributed to hydrophobic areas such as lipid bilayers of cells. [15][bettersourceneeded] They are sorted by the partition coefficient, smallest to largest (acetamide being hydrophilic, and 2,2',4,4',5-pentachlorobiphenyl lipophilic), and are presented with the temperature at which they were measured (which impacts the values). The partition coefficient of an alkaloid between chloroform and water is 20, the alkaloid being more soluble in chloroform. (a) When 100 cc of chloroform is used in one lot, the amount unextracted is: xu = 1 * (KV / KV + L) = (1/20 * 100 divided by 1/20 * 100 + 100) = 5/105 = 0.0476 grams. 0000000016 00000 n All rights reserved. The particulate ratio is not as simple when the layer volumes are different, but the ratio of concentrations always equals the \(K\) (Figure 4.11b). [51][53][54] In order to get reasonable correlations, the most common elements contained in drugs (hydrogen, carbon, oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen, and halogens) are divided into several different atom types depending on the environment of the atom within the molecule. In the physical sciences, a partition coefficient (P) or distribution coefficient (D) is the ratio of concentrations of a compound in a mixture of two immiscible solvents at equilibrium. 0000006769 00000 n The distribution coefficient is the ratio of the concentration of solute in the organic phase over the concentration of solute in the aqueous phase (the V-terms are the volume of the phases). ", "Transport, Accumulation and Transformation Processes (Ch. @ hY_|DG _Ul[^ LFefD+)z"-.R&U;7( @m nv(,>QWE*k-L Lets say you did some reaction and got the following compounds as your products, and lets say A is the product we want. Hence it is advisable to make the drug as hydrophilic as possible while it still retains adequate binding affinity to the therapeutic protein target. 0000003679 00000 n Because in distillation the separation of compounds with large differences in their boiling point is separated. For example, morphine has a \(K\) of roughly 2 in petroleum ether and water, and a \(K\) of roughly 0.33 in diethyl ether and water.\(^2\) When the \(K\) is less than one, it means the compound partitions into the aqueous layer more than the organic layer. :^ BWLgQG >stream The distribution coefficient K = Concentration in water / Concentration in chloroform = 1/20. [10]:280. In most solvent extraction procedures the extraction of solute from an aqueous phase to an immiscible organic phase such as dichloromethane, hexane, and benzene. The less dense phase will be the top layer- most organic solvents are less dense than water. In a multiple extraction of an aqueous layer, the first extraction is procedurally identical to a single extraction. Diazonium Salt | Preparation, Reactions & Uses. However, since the value of log P is determined by linear regression, several compounds with similar structures must have known log P values, and extrapolation from one chemical class to anotherapplying a regression equation derived from one chemical class to a second onemay not be reliable, since each chemical classes will have its characteristic regression parameters. For this purpose, to destroy the organic matter if present, acids such as Nitric acid, sulphuric acid, and aqua regia is added. Note that with equal volumes of organic and aqueous phases, the partition coefficient represents the ratio of particles in each layer (Figure 4.11a). Salts B and C will wash away with the water while compound A remains in the ether. , is defined in the same manner as for the un-ionized form. Solvent extraction is somehow different from distillation. The polar carboxylate group is hydrophilic and will be right at the interface with the aqueous phase. [3] Hence the partition coefficient measures how hydrophilic ("water-loving") or hydrophobic ("water-fearing") a chemical substance is. Figure 4.16 shows a diagram of an aqueous solution being extracted twice with diethyl ether. Extraction is a convenient method for separating an organic substance from a mixture, such as an aqueous reaction mixture or a steam distillate. It is often convenient to express the log D in terms of PI, defined above (which includes P0 as state I = 0), thus covering both un-ionized and ionized species. If "\(x\)" is the gram quantity of hyoscyamine extracted into the diethyl ether layer, then "\(0.50 \: \text{g} - x\)" would remain in the aqueous layer after equilibrium is established. Distribution equilibrium between the two liquids immiscible liquids is going by gives phase rule Hindi sex action we have peace equal to 2 because two phases are involved. oct/wat Since solvents are immiscible they are two separate layers.