The states that eventually became Guatemala, El Salvador, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, and Honduras declared independence. For more information or to contact an Oxford Sales Representative click here. This half-measure was much more palatable to those who did not want to declare independence outright. The outcomes were different . After three centuries of colonial rule, independence came rather suddenly to most of Spanish and Portuguese America. In conclusion, the Latin American Revolutions achieved independence but left complicated legacies and created dynamics that still influence events in the region today. What Is the Difference Between South America and Latin America. In the early hours of February 12, 1817, Argentine revolutionary Jos de San Martn leads his troops down the slopes of the Andes Mountains towards the Spanish forces defending Chile. It was also largely ostracized from the world community. These were people of pure-blood Spanish descent that were born in the colonies. There was a growing sense in the colonies of being separate from Spain. By the late 18th century, Spain was forced to loosen some trade restrictions, but the move was too little, too late, as those who produced these goods now demanded a fair price for them. Across the Ro de la Plata from Buenos Aires, Montevideo and its surroundings became the separate Estado Oriental (Eastern State, later Uruguay). He led an army that included many mestizos and indigenous peoples against royalist forces but was captured in March 1811 and executed in June. What were 2 ways the French Revolution impacted the Latin American Revolutions? Create flashcards in notes completely automatically. The American Revolutionary War took place in thirteen colonies, in North America, an ocean away from its ruling monarchy in Great Britain, in Europe. Insurgency continued in southern Mexico, but stalemate set in, with insurgents controlling rural areas and carrying out guerrilla warfare and royalist forces controlling most of the major cities. Minster, Christopher. Flores Galindo, Alberto, ed. Sign up to highlight and take notes. Louverture had achieved practical autonomy for Haiti and adopted a new constitution in 1801. Final destruction of loyalist resistance in the highlands required the entrance of northern armies. The ideals of the French Revolution inspired freeman and slaves to desire legal racial equality. The royalists received important reinforcements from Lima in early January. In Brazil, independence was led by elites similar to what occurred in the Spanish colonies, but in Haiti, it was led by slaves, who successfully established the first republic led by people of African descent. American Revolution contains articles, sources and perspectives on events in America between 1763 and 1789. The differences can be recognized by analyzing how the common inspiration led to the production of diverse outcomes within the countries of France and America. The Haitian Revolution, a bloody but successful uprising of enslaved people against their French colonial enslavers (17911804), terrified landowners in the Caribbean and northern South America, and as the situation worsened in Spain, many feared that Spain could not protect them from a similar uprising. He replaced Charles IV with his own brother,Joseph Bonaparte. The outcomes of independence movements in Haiti and the Spanish Americas were similar because they both ended successfully and with independence from the colonizing nation, a difference however was that in Haiti the revolution ended with a complete social overhaul and . An early radical liberal government dominated by Mariano Moreno gave way to a series of triumvirates and supreme directors. and in that sense was more of a revolution then the American Revolution" ( Armstrong 230). Contemporary Indigenous Film and Video Production, Contemporary Indigenous Social and Political Thought, Dependency Theory in Latin American History, Development of Architecture in New Spain, 15001810, The, Development of Painting in Peru, 15201820, The, Dutch in South America and the Caribbean, The. By . Other revolutions were not as positive. After initial victories there, the forces from Buenos Aires retreated, leaving the battle in the hands of local Creole, mestizo, and Indian guerrillas. The role of Haiti in the other Latin American Revolutions is often under recognized, if recognized at all. Match the revolutionary leaders with their goals or achievements. Lima, Peru: Retablo de Papel Ediciones, 1976. This plan included what were called the Three Guarantees: This plan was a compromise that granted citizenship to people of mixed and indigenous ancestry but also maintained the favored position of people of European descent. Edited by Sara Castro-Klaren, 213227. At most, foreign ideas helped foster a more questioning attitude toward traditional institutions and authority. Creole revolutions were those led by creoles, or people of Spanish descent born in the colonies, for independence from Spain in the early 1800s in the Americas. The American Patriots in the Thirteen Colonies won independence from Great Britain, becoming the United States of America. After the defeat of Cuban-style revolutionary movements throughout Latin America in the 1960s and the overthrow of Salvador . Spain discriminated against the Creoles, appointing mostly new Spanish immigrants to important positions in the colonial administration. George Washington sent troops and supplies to help the revolutions get started. In 1811, most of Venezuela and the city of Cartagena took the more radical step of declaring full independence and creating independent states. Test your knowledge with gamified quizzes. Not only did it provide a massive distraction and tie up Spanish troops and ships, it pushed many undecided Creoles over the edge in favor of independence. Cookies collect information about your preferences and your devices and are used to make the site work as you expect it to, to understand how you interact with the site, and to show advertisements that are targeted to your interests. By the time Spain was beginning to stabilizeFerdinand reclaimed the throne in 1813colonies in Mexico, Argentina, and northern South America were in revolt. In the audiencia (court) of Caracas, for example, no native Venezuelans were appointed from 1786 to 1810. From the start Buenos Aires intention of bringing all the former viceregal territories under its control set off waves of discord in the outlying provinces. "Causes of the Latin American Revolution." What two island colonies did not get independence around the same time as the rest of Spanish America? The events he described are over two hundred years ago yet the term "Haitian Revolution" has been used only in the past few decades. After difficult conquests of their home regions, the two movements spread the cause of independence through other territories, finally meeting on the central Pacific coast. French troops invaded countries such as Spain and the Holy Roman Empire; the latter ceased to exist as a result of French occupation. This irritated the influential Creoles who correctly felt that they were being ignored. On one hand, the French Revolution, and the American Revolution before it, ended monarchies and established representative governments that placed sovereignty in the hands of the people, following the ideas of the Enlightenment. The Latin American Revolutions causes included the division between Creoles and Peninsulares as well as the impact of the French Revolution on the monarchies of Spain and Portugal. Read More. At the beginning of the 1800s, Latin America was firmly under the . These social revolutions entailed a substantial, violent, and voluntarist struggle for political power and the overthrow of the established . The chaos in Spain provided a perfect excuse to rebel without committing treason. The Mexican Revolution began as a movement of middle-class protest against the long-standing dictatorship of Porfirio Diaz (1876-1911). Will you pass the quiz? Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2014. User: What was the outcome of the Mexican revolution Weegy: It ended dictatorship in Mexico and established a constitutional republic, was the outcome of the Mexican revolution. Haiti's Little-Studied Role on the Other Latin American Revolutions. To further muddle things up, Spanish law allowed wealthy people of mixed heritage to "buy" whiteness and thus rise in a society that did not want to see their status change. Below them were people of mixed race, and the indigenous peoples, free people of African descent, and slaves were on the bottom of the social class. They form a dialogue with works on the Katarista uprisings in Upper Peru or what became Bolivia. Score 1 User: What economic impact did World War I have on Latin America Weegy: It decreased overall trade with Latin American countries. However, Napoleon, after gaining power in France, sought to reestablish firm French control over the island and had Louveture captured and imprisoned, leading to renewed fighting on the island. A former royalist, Agustn Iturbide, changed sides and fought for independence to prevent liberal reforms coming from Spain. 1. not portugal. Tensions between more liberal and more conservative political factions continued for much of the next century, culminating in the Mexican Revolution of 1910. Central authority proved unstable in the capital city of Buenos Aires. In the 1970s the Spaniard Eulogio Zudaire published a well-documented study of Viceroy Juregui and the rebellion: although the study was much more critical of the rebels and more supportive of the Spanish than other scholarship, it also contains great archival leads. Christopher Minster, Ph.D., is a professor at the Universidad San Francisco de Quito in Ecuador. At stake was not only political autonomy per se but also economic interest; the Creole merchants of Buenos Aires, who initially sought the liberalization of colonial restraints on commerce in the region, subsequently tried to maintain their economic dominance over the interior. People of pure-blood Spanish descent that were born in the colonies. 3 main causes of the Latin American revolution were the resentment by Creoles of being denied access to political power, the spread of Enlightenment ideas, and the impact of the French Revolution. With a weak ruler and the Spanish military tied up, Spain's presence in the New World decreased markedly and the Creoles felt more ignored than ever. Expand or collapse the "in this article" section, Primary Accounts of the Rebellion and the Period, Expand or collapse the "related articles" section, Expand or collapse the "forthcoming articles" section, Native Presence in Postconquest Central Peru. While he was able to carve out a liberated zone in southern Venezuela, he repeatedly failed to capture the capital of Caracas. Many men and women who would have otherwise supported the royalist side now joined the insurgents. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1966. It put an end to the French monarchy, feudalism, and took political . Revolution against his rule led to his execution in 1824 and the creation of a Mexican Republic. The final victory of Latin American patriots over Spain and the fading loyalist factions began in 1808 with the political crisis in Spain. Preference for continued colonial rule over the possibility of social revolution like in Haiti helped prevent white Creole elites from fully backing independence, even as some did engage in rebellion in the 1860s and 70s. The colony of New Granada included the modern-day countries of Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, and Ecuador. The reforms imposed by the Spanish Bourbons in the 18th century provoked great instability in the relations between the rulers and their colonial subjects in the Americas. Two of the main revolutions were the French Revolution and the Latin American Revolution. Interesting Facts.