B. practical a. Do you recall the earlier discussion of semantic networks? In the process, your brain gathers details that inform and refine your understanding of related concepts like democracy, power, and freedom. Which of the following is usually a trait of creative thinkers? In their model, storing memories in short-term memory is like opening different files on a computer and adding information. It involves bottom-up processing. Mistakes may occur, but this approach allows for speedy decisions when time is of the essence. If there is a smell that makes you feel positive and nostalgic, and you don't know where that response comes from, it is an implicit emotional response. b.(12,562).b.(2,438). Our mission is to improve educational access and learning for everyone. d. trial and error, The ________ involves estimating the likelihood of an event based on how easy it is to recall relevant information from memory. The brain then processes this information and uses the relevant pieces to create thoughts, which can then be expressed through language or stored in memory for future use. C. timing bias. Sensations and information are received by our brains, filtered through emotions and memories, and processed to become thoughts. The process of myelination begins prenatally. People who are gifted have an IQ of Creative Commons Attribution License The representativeness heuristic can be used to create and sustain: Erik dropped a note under his car seat and couldn't find it. creating norms, or performance standards, for the test. The senses serve as the interface between the mind and the external environment, receiving stimuli and translating it into nervous impulses that are transmitted to the brain. D. are beyond the average person's ability to solve, The last step in the problem-solving process is ________. refers to the belief that one has the competence to accomplish a given goal or task. B. refers to the ability to yield a consistent result to what it is intended to measure. During active rehearsal, you repeat (practice) the information to be remembered. It encompasses all the things you can remember that happened more than just a few minutes ago. b. practical reasoning. Craik and Tulving concluded that we process verbal information best through semantic encoding, especially if we apply what is called the self-reference effect. A. algorithm. High-imagery words are encoded both visually and semantically (Paivio, 1986), thus building a stronger memory. Participants were given words along with questions about them. Not all long-term memories are strong memories, and some memories can only be recalled using prompts. The acoustic processing questions asked the participants about the sound or rhyming of the words, and the semantic processing questions asked the participants about the meaning of the words. Lets say you graduated from high school 10 years ago, and you have returned to your hometown for your 10-year reunion. The visual processing questions included such things as asking the participants about the font of the letters. Peterson and Peterson (1959) investigated short-term memory using the three letter sequences called trigrams (e.g., CLS) that had to be recalled after various time intervals between 3 and 18 seconds. When a schema is activated, the brain makes immediate assumptions about the person or object being observed. What word did you come up with? Research suggests that ________ affect the person's prototype for that category. You probably find it difficult, if not impossible, to answer these questions. d. IQ tests have socioeconomic biases. c. Fluid intelligence According to Sternberg's theory, ____________ intelligence is measured in academic achievement tests. Arrows then branch off from each step to point to possible directions that you may take to solve the problem. A. It prepares the individual for fighting or running away. A. heuristic Unlike heuristics, algorithms provide a definite solution to problem. Unless the knowledge in short term memory is retained by repetition or other such techniques, it has a very small capacity (7 items +/- 2) and a short period (max 30 seconds). (a) Generate a correlation matrix for your predictors. d.$8,000. Scientists who study cognition are searching for ways to understand how we integrate, organize, and utilize our conscious cognitive experiences without being aware of all of the unconscious work that our brains are doing (for example, Kahneman, 2011). D. relying on the opinions of others. B. Algorithms/artificial intelligence (AI) Suddenly Monique gets the idea to empty her shredder and use the shredded junk mail confetti for packing material. refers to the retention of information or experience over time? Question 2. b. use language Which of the following is the main difference between algorithms and heuristics? D. drop out of college. There are many different types of schemata, and they all have one thing in common: schemata are a method of organizing information that allows the brain to work more efficiently. It feels almost impossible to walk in and not face the door. predict the behavior of a specific individual? _____ is an individual's level of intellectual development relative to that of others. An event schema, also known as a cognitive script, is a set of behaviors that can feel like a routine. Some concepts, like tolerance, are agreed upon by many people, because they have been used in various ways over many years. Although individual experiences and expertise can affect concept arrangement, concepts are believed to be arranged hierarchically in the mind (Anderson & Reder, 1999; Johnson & Mervis, 1997, 1998; Palmer, Jones, Hennessy, Unze, & Pick, 1989; Rosch, Mervis, Gray, Johnson, & Boyes-Braem, 1976; Tanaka & Taylor, 1991). In short, you know snow. It involves forming opinions based on prior experiences. B. a 12-year-old child with an IQ score of 55 who has grown up in a severely deprived environment and who struggles in school a. visual/spatial intelligence. Identify the age group during which children typically understand adult literary work. If you are redistributing all or part of this book in a print format, Can You Remember Everything You Ever Did or Said? b. syntax d. Analytical intelligence, Shelly took the Stanford-Binet test at age 10 and scored a mental age of 13. b. trial and error. Now, unscramble the following letters to make a word. d. where a person lives does not, What a person knows about a particular type of object does, A recent study has shown that for a group of individuals with ______, computerized cognitive exercises that placed increasing demands on auditory perception were beneficial. c. $2,438. Which of the following are examples of algorithms? c. Fetal alcohol syndrome d. "private speech" was a sign of a mood disorder. Which of the following is true of algorithms? b. representative heuristic Which of the following is true with regard to development? It is not there on your desktop (your short-term memory), but most of the time you can pull up this information when you want it. 10. Psychotherapy (Chic). C. fixation D. creative, US FR Final: First Period: Early Years of the. b. abstract symbols on a keyboard and making some sounds. A. morphemes This event schema involves getting in the car, shutting the door, and buckling your seatbelt before putting the key in the ignition. But if time is of the essence, then an algorithm is likely not the best choice. The options that are true about algorithms include: Produce a result Have clear instructions Stop in a finite amount of time Operations that can be done by a computer Have an order. They are motivated more externally than internally. An algorithm is a step-by-step method to solve a problem. d. 100, ________, which is caused by a defect in a male gene that leads to deficiency in a protein needed for brain development, is a biological cause of intellectual disability. We recommend using a Most adults reach their peak physical development during their, sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational. In order to organize this staggering amount of information, the mind has developed a "file cabinet" of sorts in the mind. When you read the words car, dog, and book you created images of these things in your mind. Sensory information about sights, sounds, smells, and even textures, which we do not view as valuable information, we discard. Watch this video about superior autobiographical memory from the television news show 60 Minutes to learn more. If you are redistributing all or part of this book in a print format, Returning to the computer metaphor, implicit memories are like a program running in the background, and you are not aware of their influence. View this video that explains short-term and long-term memory to learn more about how memories are stored and retrieved. A person's knowledge about the world is known as _____ memory. c. trial and error method Fact checkers review articles for factual accuracy, relevance, and timeliness. D. 25. Multiple Choice Q19 That song's effect could be an implicit emotional memory (Yang, Xu, Du, Shi, & Fang, 2011). These thoughts are one example of cognition at work. Implicit emotional conditioning is the type of memory involved in classically conditioned emotion responses (Olson & Fazio, 2001). On the other hand, if time is an issue, then it may be best to use a heuristic. a. communicate The OpenStax name, OpenStax logo, OpenStax book covers, OpenStax CNX name, and OpenStax CNX logo B. Algorithms are faster than heuristics. You may not be able to recall all of your classmates, but you recognize many of them based on their yearbook photos. B. D. Concepts/problem solving, In everyday situations, finding and framing problems can be difficult because many real-life problems Strategies to stimulate divergent thinking. answer choices converting visual information into something meaningful converting sound into vibrations bringing information housed in long-term memory to mind holding information just long enough to work with it Question 2 30 seconds Q. An algorithm is a defined set of step-by-step procedures that provides the correct answer to a particular problem. As an Amazon Associate we earn from qualifying purchases. By following an algorithm, you can ensure that you will arrive at the correct answer to each problem. c. Superordinate concepts While each situation is unique, you may want to use an algorithm when being accurate is the primary concern. Heuristics and algorithms differ in terms of their 70 or below Publish: 15 days ago. D. 70 or lower. Recognition happens when you identify information that you have previously learned after encountering it again. a. 3.Question 1 2 pts Which of the following is not true about algorithms. To see how visual encoding works, read over this list of words: car, level, dog, truth, book, value. A. Because you can recall images (mental pictures) more easily than words alone. B. representativeness heuristic. OpenStax is part of Rice University, which is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit. c. use sign language And when youre riding in a crowded elevator and you cant face the front, it feels uncomfortable, doesnt it? If complete accuracy is required, it is best to use an algorithm. This is known as effortful processing (Figure 8.3). On the other hand, abstract words like level, truth, and value are low-imagery words. a. the less likely that person will succeed in an academic setting. which of the following is true about algorithms quizlet psychology. A. deductive thinking. Once the concept of area of a square is understood, an understanding of area for other geometric shapes can be built upon the original understanding of area. It is illustrated when psychologists and other scientists use theories to make predictions and then evaluate their predictions by making further observations. Children understand metaphor and satire usually between ages 11 and 14. Development is the product of nature, nurture, and the complex interaction of the two. a. thought processes and concepts are controlled by language. D. precision, ________ is a characteristic of good problem solvers. Creative intelligence is related to: (b) Based on the correlation matrix, is collinearity a problem? A. Jacob received his score on his math paper and realized that he performed poorly. A. Heuristics guarantee a solution to a problem. A. simulation heuristic. b. the less successful that person will be in life. C. Hindsight bias They will always result in a correct solution, if there is a correct solution to be found. D. It refers to reasoning from a general principle that individuals know to be true to a specific instance. Which of the following statements is true of subgoals? In order for a memory to go into storage (i.e., long-term memory), it has to pass through three distinct stages: Sensory Memory, Short-Term Memory, and finally Long-Term Memory. However, more contemporary research has found working memory capacity is 4 plus or minus 1 (Cowan, 2010). Verywell Mind's content is for informational and educational purposes only. In the context of loss aversion, identify the true statement about sunk-cost fallacy. In what order should you run your errands? Author: Question. C. mental set Bertha is using If one part of a network is activated, it is easier to access the associated concepts because they are already partially activated. A six-year-old child with a mental age of 6 would have an IQ of During proactive interference, previously learned information interferes with the ability to learn new information. B. functional fixedness. citation tool such as, Authors: Rose M. Spielman, William J. Jenkins, Marilyn D. Lovett. Industrial Psychology: Selecting and Evaluating Employees, Organizational Psychology: The Social Dimension of Work, Human Factors Psychology and Workplace Design, Diagnosing and Classifying Psychological Disorders, Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders, Mental Health Treatment: Past and Present, Substance-Related and Addictive Disorders: A Special Case, The Sociocultural Model and Therapy Utilization. This powerful event schema is informed by your pattern of behavior and the pleasurable stimulation that a phone call or text message gives your brain. and you must attribute OpenStax. b. 90. There are three ways you can retrieve information out of your long-term memory storage system: recall, recognition, and relearning. Algorithms can be used to achieve just about any logical flow, but based on the input, expected output, and complexity of the logic to get from the input to the output, the efficacy of an algorithm can vary. C. move back home with her parents and commute to college. What Is Industrial and Organizational Psychology? A. autistic. For example, while it is quite common for people to greet one another with a handshake in the United States, in Tibet, you greet someone by sticking your tongue out at them, and in Belize, you bump fists (Cairns Regional Council, n.d.). Trace Swedens transition from socialism to capitalism. Similarly, petal is linked to flower and is primed by flower. If you were asked later to recall the words from this list, which ones do you think youd most likely remember? is the memory process that occurs when information that was retained in memory comes out of storage. She has an amazing and highly superior autobiographical memory (Figure 8.7). B. accuracy d. communicate with one another; represent their own mental activity, Communicate with one another; represent their own mental activity. d. semantics. predict the class of data. For example, what was your professor wearing the last class period? B. Divergent thinking is especially difficult to teach to: b. c. cultural bias. C. dogmatic thinking c. an availability heuristic The fact that we hear about airplane crashes on the news more often than we hear about automobile crashes may lead us to believe that we are more likely to die in a plane than a car. A schema is a mental construct consisting of a cluster or collection of related concepts (Bartlett, 1932). words merely reflect rather than cause the way we think. A. generalized. a. standardization. D. Concepts complicate the memory process. D. 100. then you must include on every digital page view the following attribution: Use the information below to generate a citation. In this case, Monique has C. Concepts are independent of experiences and objects. In this case, Dan's experience demonstrates b. Whorf Through the use of fMRI, researchers have found an overlap between brain areas activated during visual mental imagery tasks as compared to: b. the representative heuristic.